Method For Camouflaging Tonal Imperfections

ABSTRACT

A method of camouflaging a tonal imperfection comprising the steps of: identifying a skin tone of a user comprising a tonal imperfection; instructing the user to select a pigmented cosmetic composition adapted to camouflage the tonal imperfection based on the user&#39;s skin tone; selecting the pigmented cosmetic composition; and selectively targeting and depositing the pigmented cosmetic composition substantially only onto the tonal imperfection; wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than an average skin L* value of the user. The pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise a particular set of L*C*h* values such that when deposited onto tonal imperfections, it can result in natural, flawless looking skin, while still remaining substantially undetectable to the naked eye.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates to a method for camouflaging tonal imperfections on keratinous surfaces and more particularly, a method of selecting and precisely depositing a pigmented cosmetic composition comprising opacifying particles onto human skin to camouflage tonal imperfections.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cosmetic and skin care products that are designed to even out skin tone are commonplace. Examples of such products are cosmetic foundations, combination skin and cosmetic products like “BB” and “CC” creams, tinted moisturizers, and the like. These products come in many different forms. These forms can include liquids, creams and gels, creamy compacts, pressed and loose powders, and atomized sprays. These products are designed to even out skin tone by covering the imperfections with a composition designed to match the color of the user's skin. However, due to the wide range of human skin tones, a multitude of shades is needed in order to meet the needs of users across ethnicities, ages, and geographies. The higher the opacity of the product, the more shades that are required in order for the product to be useful over the wide spectrum of human skin tones. Lower opacity products like “BB” and “CC” creams and tinted moisturizers are commonly sold in 3 to 5 different shades. Higher opacity products like foundations are commonly sold in 12 to 30 different shades.

In addition, the more coverage of the imperfection these traditional products provide, the less natural the skin appearance can become. This unnatural appearance can be caused by multiple factors. Firstly, government regulatory agencies around the globe have created a limited list of colorants that are approved for use on human skin. This approved list of colorants has fundamental limitations in how closely they can create a visible wavelength spectral reflectance profile that perfectly matches that of human skin. This forces users to try to get as close as possible to their skin color. However, the skin color match is rarely close enough for the product to appear invisible on the skin. Second, traditional products are fundamentally monochromatic. Even the most flawless looking skin is still composed of a multitude of shades across the face. Thus, the more coverage of the underlying skin, the more monochromatic the skin can become and the less natural it can appear. A third cause of this unnatural appearance is the manner in which light reflects from the surface of bare skin versus the way light reflects from a pigmented film formed by the product on the skin. Skin innately has a complex interaction with visible light. Part of the light is reflected from the upper layers of the stratum corneum while part of the light penetrates through the stratum corneum into the dermal and collagen layers before reflecting back out of the skin. Yet another portion of light laterally diffuses through the collagen layer before reflecting back out. In general, the amount of light reflected from below the surface of the skin can be correlated to a desirable skin attribute that consumers often refer to as “radiance”. With current traditional skin evening products, the more coverage and skin evening they impart, the less light they allow to penetrate into the skin. This gives an unnatural visual effect as more of the light is reflecting off of the pigmented film on the surface of the skin, leading to a “flat” mannequin-like look.

Therefore, there is a need for a method of camouflaging tonal imperfections that can be applied to a wide range of skin tones while still leaving the skin looking natural.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of camouflaging a tonal imperfection comprising the steps of (a) identifying a skin tone of a user having a tonal imperfection using the Skin Tone Identification Method; (b) instructing the user to select a pigmented cosmetic composition adapted to camouflage the tonal imperfection based on the user's skin tone; (c) selecting the pigmented cosmetic composition; and (d) selectively targeting and depositing the selected pigmented cosmetic composition substantially only onto the tonal imperfection; wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than an average skin L* value of the user.

A method of camouflaging a tonal imperfection comprising the steps of (a) providing a pigmented cosmetic composition based on an identified skin tone; and (b) selectively targeting and depositing the pigmented cosmetic composition substantially only onto the tonal imperfection; wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than an average skin L* value of the skin tone.

A method for camouflaging a tonal imperfection comprising the steps of (a) providing a guide to a user that allows the user to select a pigmented cosmetic composition adapted to camouflage a tonal imperfection, wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition is available in different shades and the guide recommends a specific shade comprising (i) an average L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than an average skin L* value of the user; and (ii) an average composition C* value of greater than or equal to an average skin C* value of the user; (b) selecting the pigmented cosmetic composition; and (c) selectively targeting and depositing the selected pigmented cosmetic composition onto the tonal imperfection with a deposition device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the present invention, it is believed the same will be better understood from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an analytical window wherein skin is analyzed by a deposition device of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a deposition device according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is an exploded view of a cartridge according to the present invention;

FIG. 4 is the natural, uncovered skin of a female user;

FIG. 5 is the same female user in FIG. 4 with applied makeup; and

FIG. 6 is the same female user as shown in FIG. 4, with no makeup on, after using the deposition device of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein “basal skin” refers to bare skin free of cosmetics, skin care products, or other compositions.

As used herein “camouflage” means to hide or make a tonal imperfection less visible by seamlessly blending it with the surrounding keratinous surface. A keratinous surface can be human skin and/or hair.

As used herein “CIE (Commission internationale de l'éclairage) L*C*h*” or “CIELCh” is a color space specified by the International Commission on Illumination. It describes all the colors visible to the human eye and was created to serve as a device-independent model to be used as a reference. “L*C*h*” refers to the commonly known color model represented by a three-dimensional 1976 CIE color space. L*C*h* is the cylinder whose axes are defined by the dimensions of lightness value (L*), chroma value (C*) and hue value (h*). Color values are reported at D65/10° lighting/observer or D65/2° lighting/observer unless noted otherwise.

As used herein, “chroma” refers to the quality of a color's purity, intensity or saturation.

As used herein, “chroma value” (C*) refers to the position in the CIELCh color space in the range from 0 at the center of the circle, which is completely unsaturated (i.e. a neutral grey, black or white), to 100 or more at the edge of the circle, which is completely saturated. A color having a high chroma value is vivid, almost completely free of white, while a color having a low chroma value is dull, washed-out, and pale in appearance.

As used herein, “hue” refers to what is commonly called color, i.e., red, green, blue-green, orange, etc.

As used herein, “hue value” (h*) refers to the position on a circular axis that an object can be described in CIELCh color space in the form of degrees)(° (or angles), ranging from 0° (red) through 90° (yellow), 180° (green), 270° (blue) and back to 0°.

As used herein, “lightness” is a representation of variation in the perception of a color or color space's brightness.

As used herein “lightness value” (L*) refers to the vertical position in the CIELCh color space from 0, which has no lightness (i.e. absolute black) at the bottom, through 50 in the middle, to 100, which is maximum lightness (i.e. absolute white) at the top.

As used herein “shade” refers to the combination of L*C*h* values for a particular object (e.g. skin or composition).

As used herein “targeted deposition” refers to the delivery of a composition substantially only onto the tonal imperfection to correct and/or change the color of the tonal imperfection to match the surrounding keratinous surface.

As used herein “tonal imperfection” refers to an area of keratinous surface which is different in color, typically darker, than the surrounding keratinous surface.

As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are understood to mean one or more of the material that is claimed or described.

All weights, measurements and concentrations herein are measured at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity (RH), unless otherwise specified.

All percentages, parts and ratios as used herein are by weight of the total composition, unless otherwise specified. All such weights as they pertain to listed ingredients are based on the active level and, therefore do not include solvents or by-products that may be included in commercially available materials, unless otherwise specified.

All human skin is composed of the same building blocks that create its visual macroscopic color: melanin, oxygenated hemoglobin, un-oxygenated hemoglobin, and collagen. These building blocks are combined in a wide variety of manners to form different skin tones. It is known that human skin has a L* value of about 25 to about 75, a h* value of about 30 to about 75, and a C* value of about 5 to about 30.

The present invention provides a method of camouflaging one or more tonal imperfections, such as hyperpigmentation, on a keratinous surface such as human skin by selecting and applying a pigmented cosmetic composition which can be utilized by users who have a variety of skin lightness, chroma, and/or hues. In one aspect, precise deposition of a pigmented cosmetic composition comprising certain L*C*h* values can result in natural, flawless looking skin, while still remaining substantially undetectable to the naked eye.

It is known that one has to match the chroma and hue of human skin in order to give the appearance of natural skin when using a foundation or similar product. It was surprisingly found that matching the shade, or L*C*h* values, of a pigmented cosmetic composition to the skin tone is not required, but rather it is preferable to adjust the shade of the composition according to variable skin tones and imperfections with L*C*h* values that do not attempt to match the basal skin.

Targeted deposition techniques which precisely deposit a composition onto tonal imperfections in order to correct tonal imperfection are known. Such compositions can comprise a L* value higher than the user's basal skin. However, the maximum range of L* values for compositions which can camouflage tonal imperfections across substantially the entire spectrum of skin tones was not known. In addition, the role of the C* value of the composition in the correction of tonal imperfections was not understood. In particular, it was unknown the C* value of the applied composition that was needed to correct tonal imperfections across a wide range of skin tones.

As skin tones vary across different populations and/or ages, the maximum delta (Δ) L*, calculated as the average composition L* value minus the average skin L* value, that is tolerable (i.e. not visible to the naked eye, yet still covers the imperfection) changes. If the ΔL* is too high, the composition can be visible and can appear ashy or white on the skin. This can occur on both dark and light skin tones.

It has now been found that pigmented cosmetic compositions comprising an average composition L* value substantially greater than that the average L* value of the user can camouflage tonal imperfections in a manner that makes it macroscopically invisible to the naked eye and can be utilized across a wide range of skin tones. In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic compositions can comprise an average composition L* value of between about 10 to about 40 units greater than the average skin L* value of the user, preferably between about 15 to about 35 units greater, and even more preferably between about 20 to about 32 units greater. In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can have an average composition L* value of at least 10 units greater than the average skin L* value of the user, preferably at least 15 units greater, and even more preferably at least 20 units greater. The average skin L* value can be measured according to the LCh Test Method for Skin described hereafter. The average composition L* value can be measured according to the LCh Test Method for Compositions described hereinafter.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can also comprise an average ΔC* between the composition and skin of the user of about 25 or less, alternatively less than about 20, alternatively less than about 18. The average ΔC* can be calculated as the average composition C* value minus the average skin C* value of the user. In one aspect, the average ΔC* can be from about 0 to about 13 for light and/or medium skin tones (for instance Fitzpatrick Scale Types I-IV), alternatively the average ΔC* can be from about 0 to about 10. In another aspect, the average ΔC* can be from about 8 to about 22 for medium-dark and/or dark skin tones (for instance Fitzpatrick Scale Types V-VI), alternatively from about 14 to about 22. The average skin C* value can be measured according to the LCh Test Method for Skin described hereafter. The average composition C* value can be measured according to the LCh Test Method for Compositions described hereinafter.

In order to camouflage a tonal imperfection using targeted deposition techniques, the difference between the average cosmetic C* value and the average skin C* value should increase as the user's average skin L* value decreases. This can create an invisible transformation of the skin appearance and can enable users with a variety of skin lightness, chromas, and hues to camouflage tonal imperfections in a way that is not visible to the naked eye.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that this combination of lightness and chroma may be needed due to small list of colorants that are FD&C approved for use on human skin, thus limiting the use of pigmentary grade titanium dioxide for high opacity formulas. It was found that titanium dioxide has a blue component that becomes more obvious on darker skin tones, thus a higher chroma component is needed to offset the color shift on darker skin.

In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic compositions can comprise a shade comprising an average composition L* value of from about 85 to about 80. In another aspect, the pigmented cosmetic compositions can comprise a shade comprising an average composition L* value of from about 79 to about 75. In another aspect, the pigmented cosmetic compositions can comprise a shade comprising an average composition L* value of from about 74 to about 65.

In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic compositions can comprise a shade comprising an average composition C* value of from about 40 to about 35. In another aspect, the pigmented cosmetic compositions can comprise a shade comprising an average composition C* value of from about 34 to about 30. In another aspect, the pigmented cosmetic compositions can comprise a shade comprising an average composition C* value of from about 29 to about 20.

In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise a shade comprising an average composition h* value of from about 80 to about 70. In another aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise a shade comprising an average composition h* value of from about 69 to about 60. In another aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise a shade comprising an average composition h* value of from about 59 to about 50. The average composition h* value can be measured according to the LCh Test Method for Compositions described hereinafter.

Any combination of opacifiers and colorants can be used to obtain the desired shade of the pigmented cosmetic composition. One skilled in the art would understand how to formulate a pigmented cosmetic composition using a range of pigments to arrive at the desired L*C*h* values. Inks, dyes, metal oxides and pigments (collectively referred to as “colorants” hereinafter) can be used to modify the color or reflectance of the skin. Opacifier and colorant combinations should be used in a range of particle sizes and viscosities that can be deposited efficiently on human skin.

In one aspect, a method of camouflaging a tonal imperfection can comprise the steps of:

-   -   a. providing a pigmented cosmetic composition based on an         identified skin tone; and     -   b. selectively targeting and depositing the pigmented cosmetic         composition onto the tonal imperfection;     -   wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average         composition L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than         an average skin L* value of the identified skin tone.

In another aspect, a method of camouflaging a tonal imperfection of a user can comprise the steps of:

-   -   a. loading a pigmented cosmetic composition into a cartridge and         instructing a user to insert the cartridge into a deposition         device;     -   b. inserting the cartridge into the deposition device; and     -   c. selectively targeting and depositing the pigmented cosmetic         composition onto a tonal imperfection;         -   wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an             average composition L* value of about 10 to about 40 units             greater than an average skin L* value of the user.

In another aspect, a method of camouflaging a tonal imperfection can comprise the steps of:

-   -   a. identifying a skin tone of a user comprising a tonal         imperfection and instructing a user to select a pigmented         cosmetic composition based on the skin tone;     -   c. selecting a pigmented cosmetic composition based on the skin         tone;     -   d. placing the pigmented cosmetic composition into a deposition         device adapted to provide targeted deposition of the pigmented         cosmetic composition;     -   e. depositing the pigmented cosmetic composition onto the tonal         imperfection;     -   wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average         composition L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than         an average skin L* value of the user.

In another aspect, a method of camouflaging a tonal imperfection can comprise the steps of:

-   -   a. identifying a skin tone of a user comprising a tonal         imperfection;     -   b. instructing the user to select a pigmented cosmetic         composition adapted to camouflage a tonal imperfection based on         the user's skin tone;     -   c. optionally providing a guide to the user that assists the         user in selecting the pigmented cosmetic composition, wherein         the pigmented cosmetic composition is available in different         shades and the guide recommends a specific shade;     -   d. selecting the pigmented cosmetic composition;     -   e. selectively targeting and depositing the selected pigmented         cosmetic composition onto the tonal imperfection;     -   wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average         composition L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than         an average skin L* value of the user.

The skin tone of a user can be identified by the LCh Test Method for Skin, as described hereinafter. Alternatively, the skin tone of a user can be identified by using the Fitzpatrick Scale. Alternatively, the skin tone of a user can be identified by comparing a user's skin to a color guide comprising images and/or descriptions of different skin tones. Alternatively, the skin tone of a user can be identified by presenting a series of images of women to the user and having the user pick the image of the woman whose skin tone most closely matches the user's own skin (“Skin Tone Identification Method”). Alternatively, the skin tone of a user can be identified by taking a picture of the user's skin and analyzing the skin tone, by measuring using a tool such as a Sephora Color IQ or SKII Magic Ring, or other equivalent approaches. In one aspect, the skin tone of a user can be identified based on ethnicity.

The Fitzpatrick scale (also commonly referred to as the “Fitzpatrick skin typing test” or “Fitzpatrick phototyping scale”) is a numerical classification schema for human skin color developed in 1975 by Thomas B. Fitzpatrick. It is a way to estimate the response of different types of skin to ultraviolet (UV) light, based on the user's report of how her skin responds to the sun (i.e. burning and tanning). The Fitzpatrick Scale is a recognized tool for dermatological research into human skin pigmentation. The following list shows the six skin types on the Fitzpatrick Scale. Scores are based on standard questions that assign a number to eye, hair, and skin color, amount of freckles, sensitivity to the sun (i.e. burning versus tanning) and the timeframe of the last sun exposure.

-   -   Type I (scores 0-6) always burns, never tans (pale white; blond         or red hair; blue, gray eyes; freckles);     -   Type II (scores 7-13) usually burns, tans minimally (white;         fair; blond, brown or red hair; blue, green, or hazel eyes);     -   Type III (scores 14-20) sometimes mild burn, tans uniformly         (cream white; yellowish; fair with any hair color or brown         eyes);     -   Type IV (scores 21-27) burns minimally, always tans well (light         brown; olive; dark brown to black hair);     -   Type V (scores 28-34) very rarely burns, tans very easily         (brown); and     -   Type VI (scores 35-36) never burns, always tans (deeply         pigmented dark brown to darkest brown, black in complexion).

Fitzpatrick Scale types are known to be correlated with the L* value of human skin tones. (See Lee, J. A., Osmanovic, S., Viana, M. A. G., Kapur, R., Meghpara, B., & Edward, D. P. “Objective Measurement of Periocular Pigmentation.” Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 24.6 (2008): 285-290). An average skin L* value of greater than about 55 can correspond to a Fitzpatrick Scale Type I to IV. An average skin L* value of less than or equal to about 55 can correspond to a Fitzpatrick Scale Type V and VI.

In one aspect, a user can be asked one or more questions to determine what skin type she is on the Fitzpatrick Scale. In one aspect, the user can be shown a range of printed or digitally displayed shades that are calibrated to the six Fitzpatrick Scale Types and can be instructed to place them against her own skin and to pick the corresponding Fitzpatrick Scale Type that is closest to her own skin color. In another aspect, the user can be asked which shade of makeup she currently uses and can be provided a cross reference guide which groups common makeup shades and brands against the corresponding closest Fitzpatrick Scale Type.

Instructions can be provided to the user on how to select the shade of the pigmented cosmetic composition based on the user's skin tone. In one aspect, when the user has a particular skin tone or Fitzpatrick type, the instructions can direct the user to select a particular pigmented cosmetic composition. For instance, if the user has a Fitzpatrick Type I-IV, the instructions can direct the user to select a light and/or medium shade. Alternatively, if the user has a Fitzpatrick Type V-VI, the instructions can direct the user to select a medium-dark and/or dark shade. In one aspect, when the user has a skin Fitzpatrick Type I, II, III, or IV, the pigmented cosmetic composition should have an average composition L* value of from about 75 to about 85 and/or an average composition C* value of about 22 to about 39. In one aspect, when the user has a skin Fitzpatrick Type V or VI, the pigmented cosmetic composition should have an average composition L* value of from about 65 to about 74 and/or an average composition C* value of about 30 to about 40.

Guidance can be provided to help the user or a beauty consultant select the pigmented cosmetic composition that will best camouflage the tonal imperfection. The pigmented cosmetic composition can be available in different shades and the guide can recommend a specific shade that can be used with a deposition device. In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can come in an array of four different shades which can be utilized by users across all Fitzpatrick Scale Types.

Guidance can come in the form of text, images, a color chart on a pamphlet, package, store shelf, end-cap, and/or display, that indicates what shade of pigmented cosmetic composition a user should pick based on her skin tone. Alternatively, guidance can come from a person working at a store or beauty counter or a dermatologist, alternatively guidance can come in the form of examples of the Fitzpatrick Scale types and the corresponding shades that match the given Fitzpatrick Type. In one aspect, the text or image can describe an ethnicity and direct the user to select a shade based on her ethnicity.

The user can apply the selected pigmented cosmetic composition onto the tonal imperfection using a deposition device. When placed on the tonal imperfection, it is possible to use the pigmented cosmetic composition to shift the lightness, chroma, and/or hue of the tonal imperfection rather than to completely hide the tonal imperfection. This approach to camouflaging tonal imperfections is possible when the pigmented cosmetic composition is deposited precisely and substantially only onto the tonal imperfection and has a very fine level of dosage variability. In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition need not be deposited onto the entire face or body. It is believed that if the pigmented cosmetic composition is deposited on the surrounding skin and not just the tonal imperfection, the skin will have an ashy or white appearance. Thus, the deposition of the pigmented cosmetic composition of the present invention may not be possible with manual devices like hand application implements, but rather requires a device that can meter out picoliters of the composition rather than the microliter quantities typically applied from traditional personal care applicators.

In one aspect, the deposition device can precisely target and deposit the pigmented cosmetic composition onto the tonal imperfection. The pigmented cosmetic composition can be deposited onto the tonal imperfection by any means so long it targets the tonal imperfection while leaving the surrounding skin substantially free of the pigmented cosmetic composition. In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can be deposited onto the tonal imperfection via a kit for deposition by hand that aids the user in depositing small amounts of the pigmented cosmetic composition substantially only onto the tonal imperfection. In another aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can be deposited onto the tonal imperfection via a deposition device such as by inkjet deposition such as thermal inkjet or piezo inkjet systems, direct contact using precision dabbing or stamping tools, atomized spray deposition, and combinations thereof. Though many different types of automated application devices can be used, one preferred method of depositing the pigmented cosmetic composition utilizes inkjet deposition.

An exemplary deposition device can analyze skin tonal imperfections and deposit the pigmented cosmetic composition when a tonal imperfection is identified. In one aspect, the deposition device can take at least one image of at least 10 μm² of skin and then calculate the average background lightness of the image on a grey scale (lightness value on a grey scale is herein referred to as “L value”). Further, from the same image, a localized L value can be calculated for individual pixels or a group of pixels. The local L value can then be compared to the background L value to identify skin deviations. A tonal imperfection is an area of skin where the absolute value of the difference between a local L value and the background L, (this difference being defined as “ΔL_(M)” or the measured ΔL, “Δ” is commonly defined as the symbol for a difference between two values) is greater than a predetermined ΔL_(S) (wherein the “S” refers to a set ΔL). The background L can be preset, or calculated by a variety of methods described below. The tonal imperfection is then treated with the pigmented cosmetic composition having a predetermined or variable contrast ratio.

The contrast ratio of the pigmented cosmetic composition when depositing it onto a surface like skin is preferably between about 0.1 and about 1.0, more preferably between about 0.2 and about 1.0, and most preferably between about 0.3 and about 1.0. Herein, “contrast ratio” refers to the opacity of the pigmented cosmetic composition, or the ability of the pigmented cosmetic composition to reduce or prevent light transmission, determined after the pigmented cosmetic composition is drawn onto an opacity chart (Form N2A, Leneta Company of Manwah, N.J. or the equivalent thereof) and by using a spectrophotometer with settings selected to exclude specular reflection. To measure the contrast ratio, the pigmented cosmetic composition is diluted with a 1% Stabylen 30 in a deionized water premix at a 10:1 ratio. It is applied to the top of the opacity chart and then is drawn into a film having a thickness of approximately 0.01 inches using a film applicator (e.g., as commercially available from BYK Gardner of Columbia, Md., or the equivalent thereof). The film is allowed to dry for 2 hours under conditions of 22° C.+/−1° C., 1 atm. Using a spectrophotometer, the Y tristimulus value (i.e., the XYZ color space) of the film is measured and recorded. The Y tristimulus value is measured in three different areas of the film over the black section of the opacity chart, and also in three different areas of the film over the white section of the opacity chart.

The background L can be calculated anywhere within the image. The image is taken where the nozzles will fire the pigmented cosmetic composition. The background L can be the arithmetic average, median, or mean of a plurality of local L_(S), which means the calculation can include all of the local Ls in the image, or a subset thereof.

Referring now to FIG. 1, where analytical window 10 is an area that comprises a sample of skin 12 and nozzle array 20. The analytical window can be any shape including circular, square, rectangular, triangular, a parallelogram, or a polygon. Nozzle array 20 can contain one or more nozzles 24 that are off, or not firing, and one or more nozzles 22 that are on, or firing. Tonal imperfection 30 is shown underneath nozzle array section 32 and skin region 31 is shown underneath nozzle array region 33. Background L is calculated on and around skin 12, skin area 14 is where local L₁ is measured, and skin area 16 is where local L₂ is measured. Skin area 14 is under nozzle array 20 but not within a tonal imperfection. Thus, the absolute value of local L₁−background L (ΔL_(1M)) is less than the preset threshold to initiate nozzle firing. The ΔL_(S) threshold required to initiate nozzle firing is a variable and is dependent on the scale used. For example, in a case where the 0-255 gray scale is utilized then the ΔL_(S) threshold required to initiate nozzle firing would commonly be a value of 2 or greater. Thus, in the example shown in FIG. 1, the value of ΔL_(1M) is less than 2. Skin area 16 is within tonal imperfection 30, and the absolute value of local L2−background L (ΔL_(2M)) is greater than about 2. Thus, the nozzles around skin area 14 are generally off, and the nozzles around skin area 16 are generally firing.

To insure the nozzles do not clog with particles or dried pigmented cosmetic composition, any nozzle can be fired at any time simply to keep it clean or clear, i.e., not blocked, and “healthy”. The number of nozzles directly over a tonal imperfection that are fired in response to the tonal imperfection can be adjusted based on the size of ΔL_(S), the size (e.g., surface area) of the tonal imperfection or other parameters devised by those skilled in the art.

As used herein, modifying a keratinous surface can mean camouflaging a tonal imperfection by depositing a pigmented cosmetic composition onto the surface such that the tonal imperfection is substantially macroscopically invisible to the naked eye.

Modification times will vary based on the size of the skin surface area that needs modification and the precision and amount of the modification. For example, a woman may wish to simply touch up a few small areas on her face before going to the grocery store. This modification might take a few minutes. Alternatively, a bride might wear her wedding dress to a salon where a salon professional meticulously treats all exposed areas of skin prior to the wedding and the taking of her wedding pictures. This full body modification process might take hours. Accordingly, the user will have tremendous control over the amount of time they choose to use the present device.

FIG. 2 shows deposition device 40 according to the present invention. Deposition device 40 is directly above skin 18, separated by physical spacer 42. Physical spacer 42 has a set, predetermined height a such that when it contacts skin 18, the mechanical and electrical elements are all at a known distance from skin 18. In one aspect, the height a is from about 1 mm to about 20 mm, alternatively from about 3 mm to about 15 mm, alternatively from about 4 mm to about 10 mm. The mechanical and electrical elements associated with deposition device 40 include, but are not be limited to, light 44, sensor 46, nozzle array 20 which is embedded on cartridge die 57 which is attached to cartridge 52. Cartridge die 57 is made of silicon, glass, machinable glass ceramic, sapphire, alumina, printed wiring board substrates (for example, glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material like FR4, Liquid Crystal Polymer, polyimide etc.) within which the nozzle array 20 can be formed. All of these elements are enclosed within optional apparatus housing 41.

Light 44 illuminates the area of skin 18 within spacer 42 such that sensor 46 has relatively constant illumination. Background lighting will affect the image capture as portions of spacer 42 lift off of skin 18 and allow background light in and the illumination from light 44 to escape, but small deviations in illumination can be corrected for provided light 44 provides a relatively constant background illumination. Light 44 can be a light emitting diode (LED), incandescent light, neon bulb based, or any other commercially available source of illumination. Light 44 can have constant illumination or adjustable illumination. For example, an adjustable light source might be useful if the background illumination is excessively bright or dark.

Sensor 46 can be any component that is capable of obtaining a visual property of an area of skin, non-limiting examples of which can include optical sensors, image capture devices, spectrophotometers, photonic measuring devices for wavelengths within the visible spectrum as well as those wavelengths above and below the visible spectrum which could measure sub-surface features, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, sensor 46 can be an image capture device that is capable of taking images of the skin 18. The image capture device can be any of a variety of commercially available devices such as a simple camera or a digital cmos camera chip. Sensor 46 can take a measurement of the L value of skin 18 and/or can take an image of skin 18 and can send it to processor 50 via image capture line 48 for analysis. The image may be analyzed for local L values, background L values, or both. Grey scale conversion occurs within the analytical processing capabilities of processor 50. The comparison of background L to local L to determine the ΔL_(M) occurs within processor 50, which can be a commercially available programmable chip, or other commercially available processing units.

Processor 50 is generally referred to as a central processing unit (“CPU”). The CPU can be a single programmable chip like those found in consumer electronic devices such as a laptop computer, a cell phone, an electric razor, and the like. The CPU may comprise an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), controller, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), integrated circuit, microcontroller, microprocessor, processor, and the like. The CPU may also comprise memory functionality, either internal to the CPU as cache memory, for example Random Access Memory (RAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), and the like, or external to the CPU, for example as Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Static RAM, Flash Memory (e.g., Compact Flash or SmartMedia cards), disk drives, Solid State Disk Drives (SSD), or Internet Cloud storage. While it is anticipated that a remote CPU, either tethered to the deposition device or which communicates wirelessly, can be used, a local CPU within the deposition device is exemplified herein.

Images can be taken in sequence or preferably continuously. An image capture device that takes a minimum of 4 frames per second is preferred. Higher speed image capture devices (greater than 4 frames per second) are desired as well, for example greater than 100 frames per second, alternatively greater than 200 frames per second, alternatively greater than 600 frames per second. All images can be taken in a grey scale or converted to a grey scale, and the grey scale can have any range, for example, 0-255, no units. This corresponds approximately to a refresh rate of 0.2 seconds or faster. Consistent with the image capture device, the CPU can process at a rate of 100 frames per second, alternatively greater than 200 frames per second, alternatively greater than 600 frames per second.

The results of the image analysis, when compared to criteria pre-programmed into processor 50, may result in a desired modification of skin 18. In such a case, for example when the calculated ΔL_(M) exceeds the pre-determined ΔL_(S), a signal is sent from processor 50 to cartridge 52, via cartridge line 51, to fire one or more nozzles 21 in nozzle array 20 and dispense a pigmented cosmetic composition.

Power for cartridge 52, light 44, sensor 46, processor 50, and other mechanical and electrical elements that might be present can be supplied by power element 54 via one or more power lines 55. Power element 54 can be turned off and on, which in turn turns deposition device 40 off and on, via power switch 56 which can be located anywhere on deposition device 40, but is shown here on device cover 58. Power element 54 may include energy storage functionality via a battery, a rechargeable battery, an electrochemical capacitor, a double-layer capacitor, a supercapacitor, a hybrid battery-capacitor system, and combinations thereof.

Turning now to FIG. 3, which is an exploded view of cartridge 52 comprising cartridge cap 62 and cartridge body 64. Cartridge body 64 includes standpipe 66 which is typically enclosed within cartridge body 64 and defines nozzle outlet 68. Optional filter 70 helps keep excessively large particles, and other debris out of the nozzle array 20. Filter 70 and nozzle array 20 are on opposite sides of nozzle outlet 68. Pigmented cosmetic composition 74 is contained within cartridge body 64. Foam core 72 partially fills cartridge 64 and helps to regulate back pressure of pigmented cosmetic composition 74. Back pressure can be regulated via bladders (not shown) and other methods known to the art. Foam core 72 shown here is just one example of how to help regulate flow of the pigmented cosmetic composition 74 to standpipe 66 through filter 70 and into nozzle array 20. Connector 78 provides the electrical power and signal to nozzle array 20. Pigmented cosmetic composition 74 may be ejected from the cartridge 52 by piezoelectric means, thermal means, mechanical pumping means, or a combination of these.

Referring now to FIGS. 4, 5, and 6, which are photographs of the same female subject. FIG. 4 represents the subject's washed, natural, and uncoated skin. FIG. 5 was taken after the subject applied makeup to her face in a manner she would normally do. FIG. 6 was taken after the subject's makeup was removed and her face treated with the deposition device described herein. FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 are all taken on the same day, with no appreciable sun exposure between photographs (i.e. the subject was indoors for the entire modification period).

Tonal imperfections 101, 102, 103 and 104 are clear in FIG. 4. After makeup is applied, tonal imperfections 101, 102, 103 and 104 are all still visible as shown in FIG. 5. FIGS. 4 and 5 show that makeup changes the overall tone of human skin, but does not cover up the tonal imperfections.

The subject washed her face to remove the applied makeup after the photograph of FIG. 5 was taken. The subject's skin is then modified with the deposition device described herein and the photograph of FIG. 6 was taken. Tonal imperfections 101, 102 and 104 from FIGS. 4 and 5 are largely invisible in FIG. 6. Tonal imperfection 103 is barely visible after modification with the deposition device. The deposition device provides a substantial and visible change to the appearance of human skin versus the natural condition of the skin and the skin with applied makeup.

The background L can be calculated anywhere within the image. The image is taken where the nozzles will fire the pigmented cosmetic composition. The background L can be the arithmetic average, median, or mean of a plurality of local L_(S), which means the calculation can include all of the local Ls in the image, or a subset thereof.

The predetermined ΔL_(S) is the absolute value of the difference between the local L and the background L. This value, ΔL_(S), can be defined in absolute numbers or as a percentage. The sensor is for example a camera that takes black and white or color images, a spectrophotometer, or similar devices that are sensitive to electromagnetic energy wavelengths. The images are taken, or converted to a standard grey scale that is known to the art. It is understood that any numerical scale that measures lightness to darkness can be considered a “grey scale”. Moreover, as used herein, “grey scale” is intended to be a linear scale, or one band, or one visual attribute. For example, one “grey scale” visual attribute could be single wavelength or a narrow wavelength to define a specific visual color. Another example of one “grey scale” visual attribute could be a mix of wavelength numerical values averaged for each pixel making up the image, such as a true black, grey or white image from an RGB mixture.

It will also be understood by those skilled in the art that the background L value should not be too close to the ends of this scale. For example, if the grey scale is 0-100, with 0 being pure black and 100 being pure white, a background in the 0-10 range, or in the 90-100 range may be too light or too dark to show meaningful differences. Accordingly, one can adjust the background lighting, or the gain on the sensor taking the image, to move the background L closer to the middle of the scale. In this example, a background L of 50 would be ideal, with a background L in the range of 10-90 preferred, 20-80 even more preferred.

The most common grey scale is 0-255 (no units) and other examples include 0-1024 and 0-4096. For a grey scale of 0-255, the difference between grey scale steps is at least 1/255. In this example, it would be desirable to use sensor and lighting settings that provide a background L value between 60 and 210. Using the 0-255 gray scale, the ΔL_(S) is preferably at least 0.5, more preferably at least 1, and even more preferably at least 1.5, to initiate modification of the skin surface. Likewise, ΔL_(S) can be measured as a percentage, for example, a numerical ΔL_(S) of 2.6 is approximately equal to 1.0% of a 255 grey scale. Thus, ΔL_(S) may be plus or minus 0.25%, preferably plus or minus 0.5%, even more preferably plus or minus 0.75%, of the grayscale.

There is no technical difference between an image used for background L values and those used for local L values, the difference is in the analysis of the image. Hence, the images are continually sent to the processor to calculate the L values and ΔL_(M) values. By “sent” it is understood, that preferably at least 4 bits of data per pixel are transferred for each image, and preferably, this 4-bit (or more) packet of data is used in the calculation of each local L value.

It is understood, that the background L can be calculated once in a modification period and that value can be reused throughout the modification period. Alternatively, it can be continually recalculated as long as the modification process goes on. Moreover, there can be pre-programmed triggers to initiate a recalculation of the background L. Also, the background L may be retrieved from the processor memory to be used for the current background L. For example, if an extended period of time elapses and no tonal imperfections are found, or if tonal imperfections are being found too frequently, a new background L might automatically be calculated. Likewise, ΔL_(S) can be a set value that remains constant throughout the modification cycle or it too can vary. ΔL_(S) can be reset during the modification cycle for any of a variety of reasons. If too many nozzles are firing too frequently, the ΔL_(S) can be adjusted to lower the intensity of the nozzle firing. Similarly, if the nozzles are firing too infrequently, ΔL_(S) can be adjusted in the opposite direction to increase the sensitivity of tonal imperfection detection. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifying ΔL_(S) during modification is a matter of programming the processor to or with a desired algorithm.

When the ΔL_(M) exceeds the predetermined value, the tonal imperfection is modified with the pigmented cosmetic composition. Modification requires firing one or more of the nozzles which dispense the pigmented cosmetic composition onto the skin surface in the area of the tonal imperfection.

More specifically, the pigmented cosmetic composition is applied via an array of nozzles and the local L is calculated along the length of, and in the firing range of, the array of nozzles. The “firing range” of a nozzle will vary based on its size, type, the speed the device is moving, distance from the target, and other parameters. Examples of various types of nozzles suitable for use in the present devices are given below. In general, “near the nozzle” as used herein is meant to mean the image taken to calculate a local L value that is close to the area of skin surface where the pigmented cosmetic composition is deposited by the nozzle (the firing range, or landing zone of the nozzle). Without intending to limit the invention, near the nozzle means the image should be taken within a radius of about 2 cm, preferably about 1 cm, and even more preferably about 0.7 cm from the center of the nozzle.

An individual nozzle may be fired to deposit the pigmented cosmetic composition, or multiple nozzles can be fired at the same time. The number of nozzles fired along the array of nozzles can be adjusted based on the size of the ΔL_(M) and the size of the tonal imperfection. Furthermore, the frequency of nozzle firing can be adjusted based on the ΔL_(M), with more droplets being fired in succession in response to larger ΔL_(M) values.

Firing intensity curves can be programmed into the processor to adjust the firing rate of nozzles. For example, if ΔL_(M) is equal to or slightly greater than ΔL_(S), then the adjacent nozzle is fired 1 time. If ΔL_(M) increases to 2*ΔL_(S), then the adjacent nozzle is fired 25 times. If the ΔL_(M) is 3*ΔL_(S), then the adjacent nozzle is fired 100 times. This non-limiting example is intended to show how the size of the ΔL_(M) with respect to the ΔL_(S) can determine the amount, and hence, the intensity of the firing of the nozzles adjacent the tonal imperfection. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that plotting a firing intensity curve using 2, 3, or more data points, and then programming that firing intensity curve into the processor are known techniques.

While inkjet cartridges are shown and exemplified herein, pigmented cosmetic compositions may be applied with other “flow control” devices or non-drop control devices. Flow control devices typically are characterized as “drop control techniques” where individual droplets of the substance are controlled. Ink jet printers, which are known to the art, are examples of drop on demand applicators and this technology is applicable for use in the present invention. Piezo electric drop control devices and other micro electromechanical systems are appropriate for use with the current deposition device. Spray devices and electrostatic spray devices are non-drop control techniques where droplets are produced and controlled only in aggregate. Often in a spray device, a lack of individual droplet control, or “randomness” is desired in order to produce a smooth application over a relatively large area. By contrast, it is often desirable to provide very specific control of the amount and placement of the compositions.

Examples of drop control can include “fine flow control” where the flow of the substance is precisely controlled to deliver droplets as desired and “inkjet technologies.” An older inkjet technology includes supplying a continuous flow of charged droplets past electrostatic deflector plates which are alternately charged so that the plates either permit a droplet to pass or deflect to a gutter. Other inkjet technologies include “drop on demand” such as thermal devices provided by Hewlett Packard, and piezoelectric devices such as provided by Epson and other printer manufacturers. In one embodiment of the current invention, a drop on demand technology is combined with charging the droplets.

The deposition device of the present invention is preferably handheld but can be tethered to a structure that moves the deposition device across the skin surface to be modified. If handheld, the user can simply move the deposition device across the skin surface to be modified. Optionally, multiple deposition devices can be configured in a stationary structure wherein the user places the skin surface to be modified and multiple readings and applications occur simultaneously or in sequence.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can be applied to the skin surface by scanning and applying at the same time while making multiple passes over the surface. Several advantages result from using multiple pass application. The process for multiple pass applications is to make a partial application of the pigmented cosmetic composition, then to scan again the area of skin surface that has received the partial application. A further application of pigmented cosmetic compositions can be made, and still further multiple pass scanning and applications can be made to approach an aesthetic goal. Thus, the user can select the end point of the modification, i.e. the “aesthetic goal”, thus tailoring the modification time to individual needs and preferences. Attempting to make all corrections in one pass has been shown to overcorrect in certain areas.

In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition is deposited onto about 1% to about 40% of the surface area of the user's skin, alternatively less than about 20%, alternatively less than about 10%, alternatively less than about 5%, alternatively less than about 1%, alternatively less than about 0.5%. This can be desirable because it can provide a reduced tactile impact as more of the user's basal skin is exposed and not covered by the pigmented cosmetic composition.

Inkjet devices, whether piezo or thermal, can generate droplets in the range of about 1 picoliter to more than 100 picoliters depending on the application. In the current system, it is desirable for the droplet size to be small enough to not be visible when deposited onto the skin, even when observed from close distances. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the largest discreet droplets that remain invisible to the naked eye when on the skin are approximately 60-100 microns in diameter depending on the distance and visual acuity of the person observing the droplet. The droplet volume of product varies depending on the fluidic properties which include viscosity, surface energy, vapor pressure, etc. However, based on droplet geometry it is reasonable to assume that the maximum individual drop volume that can create surface spot sizes less than 60 microns in diameter is approximately 100 picoliters.

The deposition device may apply the pigmented cosmetic composition in droplets having an average diameter of from about from about 0.1 μm to about 60 μm, alternatively from about 1 μm to about 50 μm, alternatively from about 5 μm to about 40 μm. Preferably, the pigmented cosmetic composition can be applied to the tonal imperfection in a discontinuous pattern of discrete droplets.

Pigmented Cosmetic Composition

The pigmented cosmetic composition can hide or camouflage a tonal imperfection, such as hyperpigmentation, when deposited precisely and substantially only onto the tonal imperfection.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise particles. In one aspect, pigmented cosmetic composition preferably comprises a particle settling rate of less than 0.06 mm per day at 25° C. and 1 atm pressure. Particle settling can be measured according to ASTM Method D869-85 (Jun. 1, 2015). The pigmented cosmetic composition may further have an elastic (or Young's) modulus between about 0.1 Pa to about 1000 Pa at 25° C. and 1000 Hz. Solid wax based pigmented cosmetic compositions may have an elastic modulus of up to about 100 MPa. Elastic modulus can be measured according to ASTM Method E111-17 (Jul. 15, 2017). Preferably, the particles in the pigmented cosmetic composition have a refractive index of between about 1.1 and about 5.0.

In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise an opacity of at least 0.2. In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise an opacity of from about 0.2 to about 1, alternatively from about 0.25 to about 0.8, alternatively from about 0.3 to about 0.5.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise inks, dyes, pigments, adhesives, curable compositions, optically activated compounds, metal oxides such as iron, zinc, titanium oxides, and combinations thereof, bleaching agents, texture reducing polymers, cosmetics, hair colorants, and combinations thereof. In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise metal oxides comprising an average particle size of greater than 100 nm.

In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can be a skin care composition, hair care composition, hair removal composition (often referred to as depilatories), hair growth stimulant, and mixtures thereof.

The pigmented cosmetic compositions can be delivered alone or in the presence of a dermatologically-acceptable carrier. The phrase “dermatologically-acceptable carrier”, as used herein, means that the carrier is suitable for topical application to the skin tissue, has good aesthetic properties, is compatible with any additional components of the pigmented cosmetic composition, and will not cause any untoward safety or toxicity concerns. The carrier can be in a wide variety of forms. Non-limiting examples include simple solutions (water or oil based) and emulsions. In certain embodiments, the dermatologically acceptable carrier is in the form of an emulsion. Emulsions may be generally classified as having a continuous aqueous phase (e.g., oil-in-water and water-in-oil-in-water) or a continuous oil phase (e.g., water-in-oil and oil-in-water-in-oil). The oil phase may comprise silicone oils; non-silicone oils such as hydrocarbon oils, esters, ethers, and the like; and mixtures thereof. Emulsion carriers can include, but are not limited to, continuous water phase emulsions such as silicone-in-water, oil-in-water, and water-in-oil-in-water emulsions; continuous oil phase emulsions such as water-in-oil and water-in-silicone emulsions; and oil-in-water-in-silicone emulsions.

In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can be oil-free.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can be delivered in a variety of product forms including, but not limited to, a cream, a lotion, a gel, a foam, a paste, or a serum.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can optionally include for purposes of proper formulation and stabilization anti-fungal and anti-bacterial components.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise a humectant as a carrier or chassis for the other components in the pigmented cosmetic composition. An exemplary class of humectants include polyhydric alcohols. Suitable polyhydric alcohols include polyalkylene glycols and alkylene polyols and their derivatives, including propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and derivatives thereof; sorbitol; hydroxypropyl sorbitol; erythritol; threitol; pentaerythritol; xylitol; glucitol; mannitol; butylene glycol (e.g., 1,3-butylene glycol); pentylene glycol; hexane triol (e.g., 1,2,6-hexanetriol); glycerin; ethoxylated glycerine; and propoxylated glycerine. Other suitable humectants can include sodium 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate; guanidine; glycolic acid and glycolate salts (e.g., ammonium and quaternary alkyl ammonium); lactic acid and lactate salts (e.g., ammonium and quaternary alkyl ammonium); aloe vera in any of its variety of forms (e.g., aloe vera gel); hyaluronic acid and derivatives thereof (e.g., salt derivatives such as sodium hyaluronate); lactamide monoethanolamine; acetamide monoethanolamine; urea; sodium pyroglutamate, water-soluble glyceryl poly(meth)acrylate lubricants (such as Hispagel®); and mixtures thereof.

Colorants can be used to modify the color or reflectance of the skin surface. Compositions comprising colorants are commonly used to modify color and reflectance in cosmetic make-up compositions. Foundation, lipstick, eyeliner are just a few examples of these make-up compositions, but they are all applied evenly across large portions of the skin surface, that is they are macro-applications. In sharp contrast, the present pigmented cosmetic compositions are selectively applied on a very small scale to select areas, that is they are intended for a micro application. Suitable colorants for use in the pigmented cosmetic composition can include inorganic or organic pigments and powders. Organic pigments can include natural colorants and synthetic monomeric and polymeric colorants. Organic pigments include various aromatic types such as azo, indigoid, triphenylmethane, anthraquinone, and xanthine dyes which are designated as D&C and FD&C blues, browns, greens, oranges, reds, yellows, etc. Organic pigments may consist of insoluble metallic salts of certified color additives, referred to as the Lakes. Inorganic pigments include iron oxides, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide, manganese violet, ultramarines, chromium, chromium hydroxide colors, and mixtures thereof. The pigments may be coated with one or more ingredients that cause the pigments to be hydrophobic. Suitable coating materials that will render the pigments more lipophilic in nature include silicones, lecithin, amino acids, phospholipids, inorganic and organic oils, polyethylene, and other polymeric materials. Suitable silicone treated pigments are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,722. Inorganic white or uncolored pigments include TiO₂, ZnO, or ZrO₂, which are commercially available from a number of sources. Other suitable colorants are identified in U.S. Pat. No. 7,166,279. Colorants are generally included at a weight percent such that the pigmented cosmetic composition yields a perceptible color. The colorant particle shape is typically spherical, polygonal or fractal. In one embodiment, the pigmented cosmetic composition exhibits a color that perceptibly different from the color of the applicator. By perceptibly different, refers to a difference in color that is perceptible to a person having normal sensory abilities under standard lighting conditions (e.g., natural illumination as experienced outdoors during daylight hours, the illumination of a standard 100 watt incandescent white light bulb at a distance of 2 meters, or as defined by CIE D65 standard illuminate lighting at 800 lux to a 1964 CIE standard observer).

In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise greater than about 15 wt % colorant, alternatively greater than about 20 wt %, alternatively greater than about 30 wt %. In one aspect, the pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise from about 1 to about 30 wt % colorant, alternatively from about 3 to about 25 wt %, alternatively from about 5 to about 20 wt %, alternatively from about 8 to about 18 wt %.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise an adhesive that is compatible with skin surfaces. Commercially available adhesives compatible with skin surfaces are available from the 3M Corporation (Minneapolis, Minn.). See, for example: U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,467, issued to Blatchford, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,310, issued to Delgado, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,160,315, issued to Heinecke et al. In one aspect, a pigmented cosmetic composition comprising an adhesive can be selectively applied to the skin surface and a second pigmented cosmetic composition can be dusted on the skin surface where can will stick to the adhesive. The second pigmented cosmetic composition that is not adhered to the skin surface can then be removed leaving behind a selective, micro application of the second pigmented cosmetic composition.

Likewise, the pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise curable compositions that cure upon exposure to certain wavelengths of energy, infrared light for example. In one aspect, a pigmented cosmetic composition comprising a curable composition can be selectively applied to the skin surface and can be cured by exposing the skin surface to the curing energy source. The entire skin surface can be exposed, or the exposure can be done at the same time as the application.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can be an anti-wrinkle composition comprising a tensioning polymer and/or film-forming polymers. Suitable tensioning polymers are described in US Patent Applications US20060210513A1, filed by Luizzi, et al. and suitable film-forming polymers are described in US20070148120A1, filed by Omura et al.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can comprise optically-activated particles. Sometimes referred to as “interference pigments”, these optically-activated particles include a plurality of substrate particles selected from the group consisting of nylons, acrylics, polyesters, other plastic polymers, natural materials, regenerated cellulose, metals, minerals, and combinations thereof; an optical brightener chemically bonded to each of the plurality of substrate particles to form integral units in the form of optically-activated particles for diffusing light. These particles can help to reduce the visual perception of tonal imperfections, including cellulite, shadows, skin discolorations, and wrinkles. Each of the optically-activated particles can be encapsulated with a ultraviolet (UV) transparent coating to increase the diffusion light to further reduce the visual perception of the tonal imperfections. The encapsulated optically-activated particles can absorb ultraviolet radiation and emit visible light. The encapsulated optically-activated particles can both scatter and absorb light in a diffuse manner in order to reduce the visual perception of tonal imperfections when the optically-activated particles are applied to the skin surface.

The pigmented cosmetic composition can be a skin care composition such as a moisturizer, a conditioner, an anti-aging composition, a skin lightening composition, a sunscreen, a sunless tanner, and combinations thereof.

The pigmented cosmetic composition may comprise a safe and effective amount of one or more actives useful for regulating and/or improving skin condition. “Safe and effective amount” means an amount of a compound or composition sufficient to induce a positive benefit but low enough to avoid serious side effects (i.e., provides a reasonable benefit to risk ratio within the judgment of a skilled artisan). A safe and effective amount of an active can be from about 1×10⁻⁶ to about 25% by weight of the total composition, alternatively from about 0.0001 to about 25% by weight of the total composition, alternatively from about 0.01 to about 10% by weight of the total composition, alternatively from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of the total composition, alternatively from about 0.2 to about 2% by weight of the total composition.

Suitable actives can include, but are not limited to, vitamins (e.g., B3 compounds such as niacinamide, niacinnicotinic acid, tocopheryl nicotinate; B5 compounds, such as panthenol; vitamin A compounds and natural and/or synthetic analogs of Vitamin A, including retinoids, retinol, retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate, retinoic acid, retinaldehyde, retinyl propionate, carotenoids (pro-vitamin A); vitamin E compounds, or tocopherol, including tocopherol sorbate, tocopherol acetate; vitamin C compounds, including ascorbate, ascorbyl esters of fatty acids, and ascorbic acid derivatives such as magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and sodium ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl glucoside, and ascorbyl sorbate), peptides (e.g., peptides containing ten or fewer amino acids, their derivatives, isomers, and complexes with other species such as metal ions), sugar amines (e.g., N-acetyl-glucosamine), sunscreens, oil control agents, tanning actives, anti-acne actives, desquamation actives, anti-cellulite actives, chelating agents, skin lightening agents, flavonoids, protease inhibitors (e.g., hexamidine and derivatives), non-vitamin antioxidants and radical scavengers, salicylic acid, hair growth regulators, anti-wrinkle actives, anti-atrophy actives, minerals, phytosterols and/or plant hormones, tyrosinase inhibitors, N-acyl amino acid compounds, moisturizers, plant extracts, and derivatives of any of the aforementioned actives. The term “derivative” as used herein refers to structures which are not shown but which one skilled in the art would understand are variations of the basic compound. For example, removing a hydrogen atom from benzene and replacing it with a methyl group. Suitable actives are further described in U.S. Patent Application Nos. US2006/0275237A1 and US2004/0175347A1.

Consumer Test

A consumer test was conducted to evaluate the ability of four shades of pigmented cosmetic composition to camouflage tonal imperfections across a range of consumer skin tones. The four shades evaluated were light, medium, medium-dark, and dark and correspond to Samples A-D, respectively.

Panelists were selected using the following criteria:

-   -   Skin condition: hyperpigmentation     -   Skin tone: Fitzpatrick Scale Type I-VI     -   All participants were female, age 25-65     -   No open sores or active acne     -   No participants had been to a dermatologist or esthetician for         any skin lightening procedures.

41 panelists used 2 samples selected based on their Fitzpatrick Scale Type. The number of panelists for each Fitzpatrick Scale Type are as follows: Type I and II: 6; Type III: 6; Type IV: 16; and Type V and VI: 13.

Images of the right and left side of each panelist were taken at baseline (bare, clean skin). The L*C*h* values for each panelist's face were obtained using the LCh Test Method for Skin as described hereinafter. The panelist identified her own skin tone and the corresponding sample was selected. The sample was applied to one half of the panelist's face by the study coordinator using the deposition device described above. After application of the sample, each panelist filled out a questionnaire to assess the acceptance of the end look and a second “after” image was taken. The ratings were on a 100-point scale as follows: (100) excellent, (75) very good, (50) good, (25) fair, and (0) poor. The same was repeated for the other side of the panelist's face with a different sample selected by the study coordinator that corresponded to the panelist's skin tone as determined by the study coordinator. The rating for the two samples applied to each panelist was compared and a preferred shade was selected. The data for the preferred shade was combined and reported in Table 1 below. If the panelist did not have a preference for a shade, the data from that panelist was excluded from the table.

Images were captured using a Canfield Visia System with the following setting parameters—Lighting: Standard 2, CR2; Detection Threshold: 6; Minimum Spot Diameter: 1.3 mm; Maximum Spot Diameter: 50 mm; Masking: Cheek Only.

Table 1 below summarizes the results of the Consumer Test. The average ΔL* is calculated as the difference in the average L* of the sample−average L* of the skin. The average ΔC* is calculated as the difference in the average C* of the sample−average C* of the skin. Visible spot reduction is calculated by taking the difference in the spot area of the “baseline” image and the “after” image. Visible spot analysis provides quantitative data and scoring for spots visible under standard daylight conditions. Visible spot reduction is reported as the % visible spot. The overall sample rating is reported as the average score from the panelists who graded each sample.

Samples A-D evaluated by the panelists correspond to Examples 1-4, respectively, described hereinafter.

TABLE 1 Overall Avg. Skin Avg. Skin Avg. Skin Avg. Avg. % Visible Sample Sample n L* Value C* Value h* Value ΔL* ΔC* Spot Rating A 8 62.9 19.9 60.4 20.6 4.6 −52.0 78.1 B 11 59.7 21.8 60.3 23.3 9.1 −57.2 88.6 C 10 54.8 22.3 60.5 22.9 14.2 −42.6 85.0 D 4 38.8 19.1 57.0 31.1 18.1 −48.4 75.0

It was surprisingly found that as the panelist's average skin L* value decreased, the average delta C* value of the preferred sample increased. It was found that panelists with a lighter skin tone, for instance having an average skin L* value greater than about 55, preferred a sample with an average delta C* value of 4.6 to 9.1, while panelists with a darker skin tone, for instance an average skin L* value less than or equal to about 55, preferred a sample with a delta C* value of 14.2 to 18.1. It was also found that the delta L* between the sample and the skin ranged from 20.6 to 31.1. When using typical cosmetic foundation and BB cream products, it is preferred that the average delta L* and delta C* is smaller in order to match the user's skin.

Finally, all four samples resulted in a greater than 40% reduction in visible spots and all samples were rated by the panelists as “very good” or “excellent”.

In the same consumer test, a separate group of panelists were purposely given one sample with a shade that did not correspond to her skin tone. In each case, the “incorrect” shade was rated by the panelist as not preferred. This data is summarized in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Overall Avg. Skin L* Avg. Skin Avg. Skin % Visible Sample Panelist Sample Value C* Value h* Value ΔL* ΔC* Spot Rating 1 D 65.3 21.1 63.6 4.7 16.1 +53.4 0.0 2 D 62.3 20.5 56.9 7.7 16.7 +10.5 0.0 3 D 55.6 22.5 57.6 14.4 14.7 −43.9 50.0

Panelists 1-3 had an average skin L* value of greater than 55 and each received Sample D on one side of her face. The average delta L* value between the panelist's skin and Sample D was less than 10 and the average delta C* was about 16. In both cases, each panelist rated the acceptance of the end look as “poor” (0) because the spots on her face were not able to be camouflaged enough to match the surrounding skin. Although Sample D was lighter than each panelist's skin tone, it was not light enough and the chroma value was not in the appropriate range for her skin tone. Panelist 3 had an average skin L* value of greater than 55 and the delta L* between the sample and her skin was 14.4, which falls within the acceptable ranges. However, the panelist rated the acceptance of the end look as only “good” (50) because Sample D had too much chroma for her skin tone and the product appeared yellow on the user's skin.

EXAMPLES

The following examples further describe and demonstrate embodiments within the scope of the present invention. The examples are given solely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention, as many variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Dispersions were supplied by KOBO Products, Inc (South Plainfield, N.J.). PuraGuard™ Propylene Glycol was obtained from Dow Chemical Company (Lake Zurich, Ill.). Symdiol® 68 was obtained from Symrise AG (Branchburg, N.J.). Darvan® 811D was obtained from Vanderbilt Minerals, LLC (Norwalk, Conn.). Sepiwhite was obtained from Seppic (Paris, France).

Example 1

% W/W Phase Ingredient Description (as added) A WPG75PFSP 75% TiO2 Slurry in Propylene 22.88 Glycol/Water A WPG45GYSP 45% Iron Oxide Slurry Propylene 2.74 Glycol/Water B Water Deionized Water 35.660 B Propylene Glycol Propylene Glycol 22.5 B Symdiol ® 68 Hexanediol/Caprylyl Glycol 1.00 B Darvan ® 811D 5% Sodium Polyacrylate in water 1.00 C WPG45SIRSP 45% Iron Oxide Slurry Propylene 0.22 Glycol/Water D Water Deionized Water 10.00 E Sepiwhite 5% Undecylenoyl 4.00 Phenylalanine in water Total 100.00

Example 2

% W/W Phase Ingredient Description (as added) A WPG75PFSP 75% TiO2 Slurry in Propylene 21.56 Glycol/Water A WPG45GYSP 45% Iron Oxide Slurry Propylene 6.20 Glycol/Water B Water Deionized Water 34.16 B Propylene Glycol Propylene Glycol 21.99 B Symdiol ® 68 Hexanediol/Caprylyl Glycol 1.00 B Darvan ® 811D 5% Sodium Polyacrylate in water 1.00 C WPG45SIRSP 45% Iron Oxide Slurry Propylene 0.09 Glycol/Water D Water Deionized Water 10.00 E Sepiwhite 5% Undecylenoyl 4.00 Phenylalanine in water Total 100.00

Example 3

% W/W Phase Ingredient Description (as added) A WPG75PFSP 75% TiO2 Slurry in Propylene 17.19 Glycol/Water A WPG45GYSP 45% Iron Oxide Slurry Propylene 11.98 Glycol/Water B Water Deionized Water 33.61 B Propylene Glycol Propylene Glycol 20.75 B Symdiol ® 68 Hexanediol/Caprylyl Glycol 1.00 B Darvan ® 811D 5% Sodium Polyacrylate in water 1.00 C WPG45SIRSP 45% Iron Oxide Slurry Propylene 0.47 Glycol/Water D Water Deionized Water 10.00 E Sepiwhite 5% Undecylenoyl 4.00 Phenylalanine in water Total 100.00

Example 4

% W/W Phase Ingredient Description (as added) A WPG75PFSP 75% TiO2 Slurry in Propylene 14.47 Glycol/Water A WPG45GYSP 45% Iron Oxide Slurry Propylene 14.75 Glycol/Water B Water Deionized Water 32.63 B Propylene Glycol Propylene Glycol 19.90 B Symdiol ® 68 Hexanediol/Caprylyl Glycol 1.00 B Darvan ® 811D 5% Sodium Polyacrylate in water 1.00 C WPG45SIRSP 45% Iron Oxide Slurry Propylene 2.25 Glycol/Water D Water Deionized Water 10.00 E Sepiwhite 5% Undecylenoyl 4.00 Phenylalanine in water Total 100.00

Examples 1-4 can be made according to the following procedure. First, the ingredients of Phase A are combined in premix container. The ingredients of Phase B are added into a main container. Phase B is milled using a dispersing instrument at low speed until the mixture is homogenous. A suitable dispersing instrument is a digital ULTRA-TURRAX® available from IKA® (Staufen im Breisgau, Germany). Phase C is then added to the main container while continuing to mill. While milling, Phase A is added into the main container. Then, the premix container is washed with Phase D and then poured into the main container. The main container is mixed for 30 min. After mixing, the milling speed is lowered and Phase E is added. Homogeneity is ensured and then the mixture is poured into a container, labeled, and stored at ambient conditions.

LCh Test Method for a Composition

The L*C*h* values of a sample composition can be measured according to the ASTM method D5326-94a (Jul. 1, 2013), Standard Test Method for Color Development in Tinted Latex Paints. A color spectrophotometer (such as a Datacolor Check II® available from Datacolor, Lucerne, Switzerland, or an equivalent) is used to take a measurement under the following conditions: Illuminant D65/10, Data CIELCh, Large Area View (LAV) 15 mm aperture. The color spectrophotometer is calibrated according to the manufacturer instructions. Then a reading is taken of the cuvette filled with the sample composition and the L*C*h* values are recorded. Two readings are taken for each sample, and the average L*C*h* values of the two readings is reported.

LCh Test Method for Skin

The L*C*h* values of skin is measured according to the ASTM method D2244-16 (Jul. 1, 2016), Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates. The skin of a user is cleaned and dried such that it is substantially free of cosmetics and/or any other compositions. A color spectrophotometer (such as a Datacolor Check II® available from Datacolor Lucerne, Switzerland, or an equivalent) is used to take measurements of the skin under the following conditions: Illuminant D65/10, Data CIELCh, LAV 15 mm aperture. The spectrophotometer is calibrated according to manufacturer instructions. Then a reading is taken of the subject's left cheek and the L*C*h* values are recorded. Three readings are taken in three different areas of the subject's cheek and the average L*C*h* values of the three readings is reported.

The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”

Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of camouflaging a tonal imperfection comprising the steps of a. identifying a skin tone of a user having a tonal imperfection using the Skin Tone Identification Method; b. instructing the user to select a pigmented cosmetic composition adapted to camouflage the tonal imperfection based on the user's skin tone; c. selecting the pigmented cosmetic composition; and d. selectively targeting and depositing the selected pigmented cosmetic composition substantially only onto the tonal imperfection; wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than an average skin L* value of the user.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition L* value of about 15 to about 35 units greater than an average skin L* value of the user.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition C* value of greater or equal to an average skin C* value of the user.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein when the average skin L* value of the user is greater than about 55, the average delta C* value between the pigmented cosmetic composition and the user's skin is about 0 to about
 13. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein when the average skin L* value of the user is less than or equal to about 55, the average delta C* between the pigmented cosmetic composition and the user's skin is about 14 to about
 22. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an opacity of at least 0.2.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition is deposited onto less than about 10% of the surface area of the user's skin.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein pigmented cosmetic composition is deposited via inkjet deposition, direct contact, and combinations thereof.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition is deposited onto the tonal imperfection in a discontinuous deposition pattern of discrete droplets between about 0.1 μm to about 60 μm in size.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises a metal oxide, wherein the metal oxide comprises an average particle size of greater than 100 nm.
 11. A deposition device for camouflaging tonal imperfections according to the method of claim 1 comprising: a. one or more nozzles; b. a cartridge comprising the pigmented cosmetic composition; c. a sensor; and d. a processor; wherein the sensor is operatively associated with the processor, and the processor is operatively associated with the cartridge and the one or more nozzles; wherein the sensor takes an image of at least 10 μm² of skin; the processor analyzes the image to calculate a background lightness (L) value and a local L value of individual pixels or group of pixels; the processor then compares the local L value to the background L value to identify the tonal imperfections.
 12. The deposition device of claim 11 wherein the device is a handheld thermal inkjet printer.
 13. A method of camouflaging a tonal imperfection comprising the steps of a. providing a pigmented cosmetic composition based on an identified skin tone; and b. selectively targeting and depositing the pigmented cosmetic composition substantially only onto the tonal imperfection; wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than an average skin L* value of the skin tone.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition h* value of about 70 to about
 80. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition C* value, wherein when the identified skin tone comprises an average L* value of greater than 55, the average delta C* between the pigmented cosmetic composition and the identified skin tone is about 0 to about
 13. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition C* value, wherein when the identified skin tone comprises an average L* value of greater than 55, the average delta C* between the pigmented cosmetic composition and the identified skin tone is about 0 to about
 10. 17. The method of claim 13 wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition comprises an average composition C* value, wherein when the user's skin has an average skin L* value of less than or equal to about 55, the average delta C* between the pigmented cosmetic composition and identified skin tone is about 14 to about
 22. 18. A method for camouflaging a tonal imperfection comprising the steps of a. providing a guide to a user that allows the user to select a pigmented cosmetic composition adapted to camouflage a tonal imperfection, wherein the pigmented cosmetic composition is available in different shades and the guide recommends a specific shade comprising: i. an average L* value of about 10 to about 40 units greater than an average skin L* value of the user; and ii. an average composition C* value of greater than or equal to an average skin C* value of the user; b. selecting the pigmented cosmetic composition; and c. selectively targeting and depositing the selected pigmented cosmetic composition onto the tonal imperfection with a deposition device.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein when the user's skin comprises an average L* value of greater than 55, the average delta C* between the pigmented cosmetic composition and the user's skin is about 0 to about
 13. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein when the user's skin has an average skin L* value of less than or equal to about 55, the average delta C* between the pigmented cosmetic composition and the user's skin is about 14 to about
 22. 